http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16 Wed, 29 Apr 2026 21:37:46 GMT 2026-04-29T21:37:46Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/12662 EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY SERVICE ORDERS ON EX-OFFENDERS’ SOCIAL RE-INTEGRATION IN KEIYO NORTH SUB-COUNTY, ELGEYO MARAKWET COUNTY, KENYA. TARAKUS, MERCY NACHUCH Community Service Orders (CSOs) serve to enhance safety in the community by improving relationships between ex-offenders and community members. They have also been verified to be successful in ensuring ex-offenders’ social re-integration by helping them to take responsibility of their deeds and change, provide an opportunity for them to learn new skills, thoughts, and new approaches to deal with problems. However, Community Service Orders have experienced difficulties in ascertaining ex-offenders’ social re-integration. It is in this regard that the current study was designed to determine effectiveness of Community Service Orders on ex-offenders’ social re-integration in Keiyo North Sub-County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to examine effectiveness of counselling on social re-integration of ex-offenders serving Community Service Ordersin Keiyo North Sub-County, to determine effectiveness of supervision on social re-integration of ex-offenders serving Community Service Ordersin Keiyo North Sub-County, to assess effectiveness of family support on social re-integration of ex-offenders serving Community Service Orders in Keiyo North Sub-County and to analyse effectiveness of community support on social re-integration of ex-offenders serving Community Service Orders in Keiyo North Sub-County. The theories that informed the study purpose and specific objectives included; The Rehabilitation Theory, Strain Theory and Social Control Theory. In order to effectively achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive and correlational research design with an accessible population of a total of 745 respondents. A sample size of 258 participants was determined using the Yamane formula and stratified random sampling applied to select the ex-offenders, ex-offenders’ families and village elders. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions that were administered by the researcher with the help of two research assistants while secondary data was gathered through document review. Validity was assured by submitting the questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion questions to the supervisors for quality control. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. The findings indicated that Community Service Orders were effective on ex-offenders’ social re-integration in Keiyo North sub-county, Elgeyo Marakwet county, Kenya. Counselling was effective on ex-offenders’ social re-integration as indicated by an average mean of 3.669 and SD (Standard deviation) of 0.633. This relationship is also evidenced by correlation coefficient(r) of 0.421 which shows that the association between counselling and ex-offenders’ social re-integration is positive, moderate and significant. The study concluded that supervision of ex-offenders in form of office reporting and home visits was fruitful in ensuring ex- offenders’ social re-integration while insufficiency of resources was noted as a hinderance in ascertaining ex-offenders’ social re-integration. Family members support was also successful in social re-integration of ex-offenders serving CSO as exemplified by an average [mean =3.63, SD = 0.770]. However, community support was generally observed as being ineffective on ex- offenders serving CSO social re-integration as shown by an average [mean =2.09, SD=0.713]. Despite this, spiritual and recreational support were gathered to be effective in ex-offenders’ social re-integration. From the findings and conclusions, it was recommended that all relevant stakeholders who contribute to the social re-integration of ex-offenders on CSO need to continue playing their active role, regular counselling training of Community Service Officers should be adopted, family members need to continue coming on board in support of ex- offenders’ social re-integration while community support should be strengthened. In future, there is need to understand how other forms of supervised non-custodial sentences apart from CSO are effective on ex-offenders’ social re-integration. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/12662 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10158 Effectiveness of Counselling on Rehabilitation of Non -Custodial Offenders in Selected Probation Stations in Nairobi County, Kenya Irungu, Veronica Njeri Offenders who participate in rehabilitation programs have the opportunity to get the knowledge and skills they need to become productive members of society again. In Kenya, non-custodial correctional treatments, such therapy, are more successful than incarceration for dealing with most offenders. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information about the effectiveness of counselling as an intervention technique for Kenyan criminals serving non-custodial sentences. We set out to accomplish several things with this research: first to examine types of counselling services provided to offenders serving non-custodial sentences in selected Probation stations in Nairobi County, to assess influence of counselling intervention in the rehabilitation of offenders serving non-custodial sentences in selected Probation stations in Nairobi County, to investigate accessibility of counselling services for offenders serving non-custodial sentences in selected Probation stations in Nairobi County and to evaluate challenges in implementing counselling services among non-custodial offenders and possible solutions.. Person-centred Theory and Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT) served as the theoretical frameworks for the research. This investigation made use of a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques. A total of 444 probationers from various probation stations in Nairobi County, as well as 37 counsellors from those stations (10 men and 27 females), were the intended participants in the research. Each of the 37 probation officers was chosen using a census-style selection method. The Yamane formula was used to determine that 210 probationers would constitute the sample size. The data was gathered by means of an interview and a questionnaire. Counsellors and non-custodial offenders undergoing probation service orders were both given a questionnaire to fill out. The director of probation services in Nairobi County as well as the regional coordinator were interviewed. Information was collected, examined, and verified to ensure precision and understandability. In a probation station in Kiambu County, the instruments were pre-tested. While the station manager examined the in-depth interview guide, ten probationers and two probation officers were given the surveys. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used to code, input, and analyse the numerical data obtained from surveys. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS and presented in frequency tables, while the qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Afterward, the findings from both methods were integrated into the study's final report. The data analysis for both methods was done independently, but they were both aligned with the main objectives of the study, ensuring that the qualitative data complemented and enriched the quantitative findings. The department of Probation and Aftercare service whose officers rehabilitate non-custodial offenders and the Ministry and Public Service Commission (PSC) that hires public servants in Kenya shall benefit from this work .Judiciary, the referral point for all non-custodial offenders and the police who enforce law and order too will benefit from the findings. The study found that individual counselling, psycho-education, family counselling, and group counselling supported behavioural change, crime control, and reintegration. Counselling changed offenders’ attitudes, reduced reoffending, and promoted self-sufficiency. Despite general accessibility, discrepancies in perceptions emerged. Challenges included inadequate facilities, limited specialized counsellors, insufficient training, and resource constraints. The study recommended specialized officer training, partnerships with private counsellors, more counselling centres, increased resources, and adherence to international standards like the Tokyo Rules. Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10158 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10155 Continuity and Change in Indigenous Food Production among the Abagusii of Kenya, 1850-1970 Oruko, Felix Ogora Indigenous food production is an integral part of cultural heritage in societies that rely on agriculture as a primary means of sustenance. Among the Abagusii of Kenya, food production has continued and changed over time, influenced by western culture and socio-economic changes. This study focuses on the continuity and change of indigenous food Production among the Abagusii of Kenya, 1850 to 1970. It examined the nature of Abagusii indigenous food production in the pre-colonial period,impact of western culture and social economic changes occasioned due to the Agrarian Change. The study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the nature of Abagusii indigenous food production during the pre-colonial period, 1850-1904, to assess the impact of western culture on Abagusii indigenous food production in the colonial period, 1904-1955 and to analyze the influence of social economic changes on indigenous food production during Kenya’s agrarian change in the period 1955-1970. The study applied articulation modes of production theory and modernisation theory. This study employed descriptive and historical research design. The study utilised purposive sampling and snowballing technique in achieving 38 informants. The data underwent thematic analysis, with the findings conveyed through description and direct quotations. The findings established that indigenous food production were impacted due to Western culture. Furthermore, Kenya’s agrarian change led to the implementation of the Swynnerton Plan. This emphasized on profitable crop and exotic livestock production. This occasioned, in the independent Kenya, embracing of western education, rural-urban migration and rural-to-rural migration which strained indigenous food production. Given the above findings, the study recommends that educational programs should promote indigenous food production and integrate it with modern methods for sustainability, the implementation of policies that balance modern and indigenous farming practices and addressing labour shortages caused by migration and supporting rural farming. Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10155 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10153 Moderating Effect of Awareness of Gambling Consequences on the Relationship between Peer Group Influences and Gambling Motivation among Students in Universities in Kericho County, Kenya Owuor, Arnold Odhiambo Gambling refers to using money or any material with monetary value on an event with unknown result in order to get more money or the material. Gambling motivation among university students is triggered by many factors, with peer group influence being a strong motivator. Counselling services offered in universities are important in assisting students become aware of gambling consequences hence change their attitudes towards gambling. However, gambling motivation is still high in universities. There are doubts, therefore, if counselling in universities create awareness about consequences of gambling among students. The study aimed at examining the moderating effect of awareness of gambling consequences on the relationship between peer group influences and gambling motivation among students in universities in Kericho County, Kenya. The study looked at influences of peer-to-peer social reinforcement, peers’ urge to model fellow peers’ behaviour and cognitive motivation tendencies during peer interaction on gambling motivation. Also, it looked at whether awareness of gambling consequences weakens the relationship between peer group influences and gambling motivation among students in universities or not. The study was grounded in Ryan and Deci’s Self-Determination Theory and Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory. Using a mixed method research design, the study employed Yamane’s formula to recruit 353 participants from a population of 3047 third year students and census to recruit all 3 counsellors from two selected universities: Kabianga and Kenya Highlands. For key informants, the study used snowballing to recruit 7 students self-presenting with gambling problems. The study used self-scoring questionnaires for students who did not present with gambling problems and interviews for students who self-presented with gambling problems to collect data. It also interviewed university counsellors. Validity of the instruments was determined through expert judgement from the researcher’s university supervisors while reliability was determined through the use of Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of ≥0.7. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value was .819 indicating good to excellent reliability. Quantitative data was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) (Version 23.1) to produce descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was reported in narrations and direct quotations reinforced the quantitative outcomes. The findings revealed that peer group influences have a positive and significant effect on gambling motivation among students in universities. Study results also indicated that awareness of gambling consequences has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between peer group influences and gambling motivation. The study recommended that counselling programmes should prioritize educating students on the addictive nature of gambling and its adverse effects among them. Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10153 2025-10-01T00:00:00Z