Abstract:
The present study assessed soil physical-chemical characteristics as reliable soil health
indicators in six climate-smart land use types; agroforestry, community forest, cropland with soil
and water conservation (SWC), crop land without SWC, grassland and control across climate-smart
villages (CSVs) in Lushoto (Tanzania), Hoima (Uganda), Wote and Nyando (Kenya). Soils were
sampled at three depths; 0–15 cm, 15–45 cm and 45–100 cm and then analyzed for bulk density
(BD), pH, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na), extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, exchangeable acidity (ExAc),
Electrical conductivity (EC), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchange capacity
(CEC). Land use types and sampling depths significantly affected soil properties (p < 0.05), High bulk
density (BD) was measured at 45–100 cm depth in grassland (1.47 g/cm3) and crop land (1.50 g/cm3)
in Kenya and Tanzania, respectively. BD in Ugandan grasslands was statistically lower (p < 0.05) than
BD in other land use types at all depths. Soil pH of surface soil (0–15 cm) ranged from 6.67 0.67
(agroforestry) to 6.27 0.85 (grassland). Ex. bases (Ca, Mg, K and Na) and extractable Fe, Mn, Zn,
ExAc, EC, TC, TN and CEC were significantly affected by land uses (p 0.05). Soil properties were
significantly correlated, a positive correlation between silt % (p < 0.01) and pH, sand and Ca (p < 0.05).
EC and pH, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable bases, exchangeable K and C: N ratio was observed.
There was a negative correlation (p < 0.05) between pH and clay. The study has shown that improving
soil properties using land use systems leads to an increase in soil nutrients.
Keywords: climate-smart; land use type; physical-chemical properties; soil depth
